In terms of nuclear safety, what is meant by 'engineering controls'?

Engineering controls refer to the physical modifications or designs implemented within a facility or system to enhance safety measures and reduce the risk of accidents or exposure to hazardous substances. These controls are crucial in the nuclear industry, as they provide structural and mechanical safeguards that can physically limit risks or provide containment for radioactive materials.

For instance, modifications might include advanced ventilation systems, containment structures, or shielding materials that reduce radiation exposure. By focusing on these physical changes, engineering controls create a safer operational environment, making it a foundational aspect of nuclear safety protocols.

In contrast, the other choices relate to important components of nuclear safety but do not encompass the definition of engineering controls. Training, regulations, and emergency planning are vital for an overall safety culture but are not categorized as engineering controls since they do not involve the physical or mechanical aspects of safety modifications.